Text Watermarking Based on Syntactic Constituent Movement 


Vol. 16,  No. 1, pp. 79-84, Feb.  2009
10.3745/KIPSTB.2009.16.1.79


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  Abstract

This paper explores a method of text watermarking for agglutinative languages and develops a syntactic tree-based syntactic constituent movement scheme. Agglutinative languages provide a good ground for the syntactic tree-based natural language watermarking because syntactic constituent order is relatively free. Our proposed natural language watermarking method consists of seven procedures. First, we construct a syntactic dependency tree of unmarked text. Next, we perform clausal segmentation from the syntactic tree. Third, we choose target syntactic constituents, which will move within its clause. Fourth, we determine the movement direction of the target constituents. Then, we embed a watermark bit for each target constituent. Sixth, if the watermark bit does not coincide with the direction of the target constituent movement, we displace the target constituent in the syntactic tree. Finally, from the modified syntactic tree, we obtain a marked text. From the experimental results, we show that the coverage of our method is 91.53%, and the rate of unnatural sentences of marked text is 23.16%, which is better than that of previous systems. Experimental results also show that the marked text keeps the same style, and it has the same information without semantic distortion.

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[IEEE Style]

M. Y. Kim, "Text Watermarking Based on Syntactic Constituent Movement," The KIPS Transactions:PartB , vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 79-84, 2009. DOI: 10.3745/KIPSTB.2009.16.1.79.

[ACM Style]

Mi Young Kim. 2009. Text Watermarking Based on Syntactic Constituent Movement. The KIPS Transactions:PartB , 16, 1, (2009), 79-84. DOI: 10.3745/KIPSTB.2009.16.1.79.

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